Frequency Regulation With Heterogeneous Energy Resources: A Realization Using Distributed Control

This paper presents one of the first real-life demonstrations coordinated and distributed resource control for secondary frequency response in a power distribution grid. A series tests involved up to 69 heterogeneous active energy resources consisting air handling units, unidirectional bidirectional electric vehicle charging stations, battery storage system, 107 passive building loads solar photovoltaic systems. The setup consists set Raspberry Pi end-points exchanging messages via an Ethernet switch. Actuation commands are obtained by solving allocation problem at every regulation instant using ratio-consensus, primal-dual, Newton-like algorithms. formulation minimizes sum costs while tracking aggregate setpoint provided system operator. We demonstrate accurate fast real-time computation optimization solution effective signal over 40 min time horizons. An economic benefit analysis confirms eligibility participate ancillary services market demonstrates $\$ $ 53k potential annual revenue selected population resources.